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Item Acacia Trees Enhance Soil Nitrogen That Influences Grass Crude Protein In African Rangelands(Bishop Stuart University, 2018-06) Ndizihiwe, Daniel; Tumwesigye, Wycliffe; Atwongire, Doreen; Bahame, David; Musinguzi, Charles; Amanya, Martin; Kalibwani, RebeccaThe study found out the impact of acacia trees on soil nitrogen and how this nitrogen consequently influences the grass crude protein in Sanga rangeland. Four 100×100m plots were randomly selected in a vast area, five acacia trees and five open areas randomly identified in each plot. A soil and pasture sample were collected from each acacia tree and in open area. Samples were analyzed by Kjeldahl's method to determine percentage soil nitrogen and grass crude protein. The results were subjected to analysis of variance using MINITAB 14 statistical software. Percentage soil nitrogen and grass crude protein significantly differed between under acacia and away from acacia with P=0.001 and P=0.007 respectively. Both soil nitrogen and grass crude protein were higher near acacia than in the open area. We suggest that the co-existence between grasses, acacia trees and also herbivores at an advanced level should be area of interest to livestock farmers and rangeland managers. Natural soil fertility replenishment in African rangelands is partly influenced by acacia trees which have also gone ahead to determine the nutritional quality of ground grass species that are the basic source of food to rangeland herbivorous and omnivorous animals. Finding out the approximate tree population and spacing required for optimum rangeland productivity and the interest to know the acacia species fixing more nitrogen than the others are areas for further research. This can help to understand the species to be kept in the rangelands and in what proportions.Item Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Rumex abyssinica Jacq. (Polygonaceae) and Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae)(Scientific Research Publishing Inc, 2014-03-20) Kamatenesi-Mugisha, Maud; Gakunga Ndukui, James; Namutembi, Agnes; Waako, Paul; Borg Karlson; Ann-Karl; Vudriko, PatrickRumex abyssinica Jacq. (Polygonaceae) is locally used in management of allergies and female reproductive healthcare; whereas Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) is used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory distress, dandruff, halitosis and malaria in Uganda. Owing to the paucity of data on their safety profiles, this study evaluated the acute and sub-acute toxicities of 70% ethanolic leaf extracts of both plants in mice and Wistar albino rats. The oral acute toxicity of both plants was evaluated in Swiss mice of 7 - 8 weeks old (16 - 22 g) body weight and LD50 determined. Sub-acute toxicity was evaluated in Wistar albino rats (6 per group) at dose rates of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg for 28 days. The LD50 of R. abyssinica and M. spicata in mice was 7727 mg/kg and 13,606 mg/kg body weight, respectively. General signs of toxicity due to large doses of both plants extract included hyperurination, abdominal muscle twitches and convulsions. In the sub-acute toxicity test, rats treated with both extracts did not exhibit any clinical signs of toxicity; no mortality and changes in body weight were observed. R. abyssinica did not cause significant changes in haema- tological indices, except a significant increase in HCT (p < 0.05). However, a dose dependant significant decrease in HCT (p < 0.05) and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the levels of WBC, LMY and MCHC were observed in rats treated with M. spicata extract. Biochemical test showed that both extracts caused a significant dose dependent increase (p < 0.05) in levels of ALT and ALP. Marked increase in the levels of AST was also observed in rats treated with M. spicata extract. Of the two extracts, only rats treated with R. abyssinica revealed congestion, hemorrhages and cellular infiltration in vital organs. In conclusion, the LD50 values of both plant extracts were above 5000 mg/kg suggesting that they are experimentally safe, thus justifying their use in traditional medicine. However, prolonged exposure to higher doses may cause observable alterations in histopathological, biochemical, and haematological parameters, particularly with R. abyssinica.Item ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF CymbopogoncitratusStapf. IN MICE(International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology, 2016-02) N, Waisindye.The purpose of this study was to assess the acute oral toxicity profile of the essential oils of lemon grass that is used as a natural food and medicinal flavor.The oil was obtained by steam distillation of 4.6 kg of fresh lemon grass leaves using a Clevenger apparatus, dried using anhydrous sodium sulphate and its netweight taken and this was found to be 14.2 g (0.31% as yield).A stock solution of 200 g/ml was made by dissolving 4 ml of the essential oil in 20ml of DMSO. A total of 36 (18 male and 18 Female) health mice were selected for the toxicity studies. Five different doses (4000 mg, 2000 mg, 1500 mg, 1000 mg, and 500 mg)/kg BW were administered tothe grouped animals randomly in the preliminary phase of the study.Item Acute toxicity, antipyretic and antinociceptive study of the crude saponin from an edible vegetable:(International Formulae Group, 2012) Paul Chukwuemeka, ADIUKWU; Agaba, AMON; Grace, NAMBATYA; Bulus, ADZU; Lawrence, IMANIRAMPA; Silvano, TWINOMUJUNI; Osbert, TWIKIRIZE; Martin, AMANYA; Joseph Obiezuchukwujekwu, EZEONWUMELU; Joseph, OLORO; Godwin Aiyabalu, OKORUWA; Barbra, KATUSIIMEVernonia amygdalina is commonly used for food and health purposes. Processing of the leaf for food is aimed at removing bitter tasting antinutritional principles like saponins. This study was designed to determine the antipyretic and antinociceptive property of the crude saponin from Vernonia amygdalina leaf. Standard procedure for antipyretic study using Saccharomyces cerevisiae induced pyrexia in rats; and acetic acid induced writhe, hot plate and cold tail flick tests for antinociceptive study in mice were used. Data for the crude saponin showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) dose dependent anal temperature decrease. The antinociceptive data in mice was significant (P ≤ 0.05) in the writhing test contrary to the cold tail flick test. In acute toxicity study, an LD50 of 5.1523 g/kg using oral route indicated it was practically non-toxic. Finding suggests that Vernonia amygdalina leaf prepared as diet could be of potential benefit to ailing persons with fever and/or pains, if processing technique adopts minimal loss of principles like saponinsItem Adoption of Soil Conservation through Collective Actions in Southwestern Uganda(2017) Kalibwani, Rebecca Mutebi; Kakuru, Medard; Kamugisha, J; Twebaze, J; Hilman, E; Tumuheirwe, H; Mugabo, J; Buruchara, R; Fatunbi, A.O; Adekunle, AIn developing countries, access to and use of renewable natural resources are essential for rural livelihoods to thrive. Hence, cooperation in the management of natural resources is increasingly an important strategy that can enhance long-term socio-ecological resilience. In most cases, collective actions have widely been recognised as an alternative institutional arrangement to centralised governance for the management of natural resources, but their success largely depends on factors that are specific to localities where they are implemented. In this study, factors that influence adoption and extent of adoption of natural resource conservation activities were identified using two case studies: Bubaare and Bufundi Innovation Platforms in Uganda. The drivers of adoption of community natural resource management strategies are analysed using an Ordered Logit Model while extent of adoption is analysed using a truncated regression model. The education level of a household head, membership in collective action group, and perception of plot slope and relevance of bye-laws were factors associated with likelihood of adoption. Value of livestock, membership in collective action group, access to credit and off-farm income were found to positively influence the level of investment. Thus, collective action increases opportunities for adoption; hence farmers should be supported to work collectively. Dans les pays en voie de développement, l’accès et l’utilisation des ressources naturelles sont essentiels pour lasuivie en mileu rural et pour y prospérer. Ainsi, la coopération dans la gestion des ressources naturelles est de plus en plus une stratégie importante qui peut améliorer à long terme la cohésion socio-écologique. Dans beaucoup decas; les actions collectives ont été largement reconnues comme une alternative d’organisation institutionnelle pour centraliser la gouvernance de la gestion des ressources naturelles, mais leur succès dépend largement des facteurs qui sont spécifiques aux milieux où elles sont mise en oeuvre. Dans cette étude, les facteus qui influencent l’adoption et le degré d’adoption des activités de conservation des ressources naturelles étaient identifiés en utilisant deux cas d’étude: Les Plate-formes d’Innovation de Bubaare et Bufundi en Ouganda. Les forces motrices d’adoption des strategies de gestion des ressources naturelles communautaires sont analysées en utilsant un modèle Logit Ordonné tandis que le degré d’adoption est analysé en utilisant un modèle de régression tronqué. Le niveau d’éducation du chef de ménage, l’appartenance au groupe d’action collective, et la perception de la pente de la parcelle et limportance des arrêtés étaient les facteurs associés au taux d’adoption. La value du bétail, l’appartenance au groupe d’action collective, l’accès au crédit et le revenu non- agricole étaient les facteurs qui influencent positivement le niveau d’investissement. Donc, les actions collectives augmentent les opportunités pour l’adoption; ainsi les producteurs devraient être encouragés à travailler de façcon collective.Item ADOPTION OF SOIL CONSERVATION THROUGH COLLECTIVE ACTIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN UGANDA(African Crop Science Society, 2017) R.M., KALIBWANI ET.ALIn developing countries, access to and use of renewable natural resources are essential for rural livelihoods to thrive. Hence, cooperation in the management of natural resources is increasingly an important strategy that can enhance long-term socio-ecological resilience. In most cases, collective actions have widely been recognised as an alternative institutional arrangement to centralised governance for the management of natural resources, but their success largely depends on factors that are specific to localities where they are implemented. In this study, factors that influence adoption and extent of adoption of natural resource conservation activities were identified using two case studies: Bubaare and Bufundi Innovation Platforms in Uganda. The drivers of adoption of community natural resource management strategies are analysed using an Ordered Logit Model while extent of adoption is analysed using a truncated regression model. The education level of a household head, membership in collective action group, and perception of plot slope and relevance of bye-laws were factors associated with likelihood of adoption. Value of livestock, membership in collective action group, access to credit and off-farm income were found to positively influence the level of investment. Thus, collective action increases opportunities for adoption; hence farmers should be supported to work collectivelyItem ADOPTION OF SOIL CONSERVATION THROUGH COLLECTIVE ACTIONS IN SOUTHWESTERN UGANDA(African Crop Science Society, 2017) R.M., KALIBWANI ET.ALIn developing countries, access to and use of renewable natural resources are essential for rural livelihoods to thrive. Hence, cooperation in the management of natural resources is increasingly an important strategy that can enhance long-term socio-ecological resilience. In most cases, collective actions have widely been recognised as an alternative institutional arrangement to centralised governance for the management of natural resources, but their success largely depends on factors that are specific to localities where they are implemented. In this study, factors that influence adoption and extent of adoption of natural resource conservation activities were identified using two case studies: Bubaare and Bufundi Innovation Platforms in Uganda. The drivers of adoption of community natural resource management strategies are analysed using an Ordered Logit Model while extent of adoption is analysed using a truncated regression model. The education level of a household head, membership in collective action group, and perception of plot slope and relevance of bye-laws were factors associated with likelihood of adoption. Value of livestock, membership in collective action group, access to credit and off-farm income were found to positively influence the level of investment. Thus, collective action increases opportunities for adoption; hence farmers should be supported to work collectively.Item ADOPTION OF SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING IN SMALLHOLDER DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION IN MBARARA DISTRICT(American Journal of Agriculture, 2022) Gilbert, Twesigye; Edward, Ssemakula; Bahame, B. DavidPurpose: This study sought to assess the level of adoption of supplementary feeding, associated socioeconomic factors and the relationship between supplementary feeding and dairy cattle production among smallholder dairy farmers in Mbarara District. Methodology: The study adopted a mixed approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data from 198 smallholder farmers and 12 key informants using a semi-structured interview guide and key informant interview guide respectively. Cluster sampling was used to divide the target population into clusters and then selected elements from each cluster using Simple Random Sampling technique. Collected data was compiled, sorted, and entered into Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSSv26.0) for analysis. Findings: The study revealed that 81.3% of smallholder farmers adopted supplementary feeding. However, the level of supplementary feeding varied among smallholder farmers of different socioeconomic characteristics. Basically, there was low level of adoption of supplementary feeding among farmers with few household members, having little knowledge about supplementary feeding and little funds to finance the costs involved in application of supplementary feeds. In relation to dairy cattle production, there was a positive significant relationship between the level of adoption of supplementary feeding and milk yield. Unique contribution to practice and policy: This study suggests to policy makers and other relevant authorities to formulate polices that emphasize adoption of supplementary feeding among dairy farmers in order to increase milk production in cattle.Item Adverse impact of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt on farmers’ livelihoods in Eastern and Central Africa(African Journal of Plant Science, 2015-07) Fina, Opio; Eldad, Karamura; Ivan, Rwomushana; Svetlana, Gaidashova; Celestin, Niyongere; Privat, Ndayihazamaso; Leornard, Mukandala; Innocent, Ndyetabula; Jackson, Nkuba; William, Tinzaara; Gertrude, Night; Nicholas, Niko; Wellington, JogoBanana is a key crop in the livelihoods of many people in the Great Lakes region of East and Central Africa. For more than a decade now, the crop has been threatened by Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) which has spread throughout the region but at different rates. The disease attacks all banana cultivars and can cause up to 100% yield losses at farm level if effective control measures are not put in place. However, limited information on impact of BXW at regional level is available to guide interventions. Thus, this study assessed the impact of BXW on farmers’ livelihoods in Kagera basin of Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda. A total of 436 households (Tanzania 120, Burundi 208 and Rwanda 108) mostly from major banana-producing and BXW-affected districts were sampled and interviewed in a household survey. Thirty-three to seventy-five of the total banana mats per farm in the three countries were infected with BXW. Banana production losses caused by BXW were valued at US$ 10.2 million and US$ 2.95 million in Tanzania and Rwanda, respectively, banana sales by farmers dropped by 35% while bunch prices unpredictably doubled. Since banana is a key component of these farming communities, the banana production losses resulted in significant reduction in household food security and incomes. To cope with these challenges, most households are diversifying into other food crops such as maize, cassava and sweet potatoes. This poses a number of socio-economic and biological implications that require further investigation.Item Adverse impact of Banana Xanthomonas Wilt on farmers’ livelihoods in Eastern and Central Africa(2015-07) Opio, Fina; Nkuba, Jackson; Tinzaara, William; Night, Gertrude; Niko, Nicholas; Jogo, Wellington; Ndyetabula, Innocent; Mukandala, Leornard; Ndayihazamaso, Privat; Niyongere, Celestin; Gaidashova, Svetlana; Rwomushana, Ivan; Karamura, EldadBanana is a key crop in the livelihoods of many people in the Great Lakes region of East and Central Africa. For more than a decade now, the crop has been threatened by Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) which has spread throughout the region but at different rates. The disease attacks all banana cultivars and can cause up to 100% yield losses at farm level if effective control measures are not put in place. However, limited information on impact of BXW at regional level is available to guide interventions. Thus, this study assessed the impact of BXW on farmers’ livelihoods in Kagera basin of Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda. A total of 436 households (Tanzania 120, Burundi 208 and Rwanda 108) mostly from major banana-producing and BXW-affected districts were sampled and interviewed in a household survey. Thirty-three to seventy-five of the total banana mats per farm in the three countries were infected with BXW. Banana production losses caused by BXW were valued at US$ 10.2 million and US$ 2.95 million in Tanzania and Rwanda, respectively, banana sales by farmers dropped by 35% while bunch prices unpredictably doubled. Since banana is a key component of these farming communities, the banana production losses resulted in significant reduction in household food security and incomes. To cope with these challenges, most households are diversifying into other food crops such as maize, cassava and sweet potatoes. This poses a number of socio-economic and biological implications that require further investigation.Item Agriculture MOOCs to enhance lifelong learning in Higher Education Institutions and food security in developing countries(2021) R.M, Kalibwani; M, Kakuru; H, Natumanya; N, Singh; M.M, TenywaWhile agriculture professionals, researchers, students among other people are continually seeking to increase their knowledge and skills, AgMOOCs offer good opportunity to fill this gap. The overall objective of this study was to analyse feedbacks from the learners of AgMOOCs offered by the Commonwealth of Learning between 2015-2020. The study considered a total of 27 courses, offered in 10 phases, with over 50,000 active participants from 121 developing countries. An evaluation form was filled by a total of 11,779 learners. Quantitative data were analysed with the help of percentages and frequencies, while qualitative data were analysed by grouping the responses according to thematic content. The respondents highly appreciated the courses, considered the materials to be of good quality, the instructors knowledgeable, and the course platform easy to access and navigate. The respondents provide useful suggestions to improve learning experience and a subsequent positive impact on food security in developing countries.Item An alternative Sustainable Source of Protein for Humans and Animals(2000) Nuwemuhwezi, GershomThe consumption of insects (also called entomophagy) is traditionally practiced by more than two billion people worldwide; around 524 insect species are estimated to be consumed in Africa, 349 in Asia, 679 in the America, 152 in Australia and only 41 in Europe (Jongema 2015). Mexico has the highest number of insect species that are documented as edible, followed by Thailand, Congo, India, Australia, China and Zambia (Ramos-Elorduy et al. 2012; Jongema 2015). Insects constitute about three-fourths of the total organisms present on earth (Pedigo 2002). According to Rumpold and Oliver (2013), the insects could be divided into orders such as Diptera (black soldier fly, housefly), Coleoptera (mealworms), Megadrilacea (earthworm), Lepidoptera (silkworm and cirina forda) and Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locust and crickets).Item Animal-Plant Interaction(Research Gate, 2017-01) Daniel R, Ndizihiwe; Achille E, ASSOGBADJO; Sylvestre C., A. M. DJAGOUN; Barthélémy, KASSAThe study was based on 107 studies and data concerning disperser species, plant species and family, fruit type and size, seed size plant life form and the habitat, were presented in matrix form. Data from this matrix were used in determining the disperser species diversity considering large taxonomic groups (mammals, birds and reptiles) and selection pattern based on the fruit and seed size. The diversity of mammals was high followed by birds and then reptiles with 65%, 30% and 5% respectively. Mammal taxonomic group dominated and was sub divided into primates, ungulates, carnivores, rodents and bat sub-groups which accounted for 45%, 22%, 17%, 9% and 7% respectively confirming the dominance of primates. Simple correspondence analysis showed that ungulates dispersed very small fruits while carnivores, primates, bats and reptiles were categorized together for both small and medium sized fruits. Ungulates, birds and bats dispersed the smallest seeds while others dispersed both small and large sized seeds. The study revealed high diversity of mammals particularly primates therefore playing a huge role in structuring and restructuring terrestrial ecosystems, with a warning that the loss of ungulates may have catastrophic impacts on the structure and composition of small fruited and seeded plants.Item The antiplasmodial and radical scavenging activities of flavonoids of Erythrina burttii.(Elserver, 2012) Yenesew, Abiy; Akala, Hoseah M.; Twinomuhwezia, Hannington; Chepkirui, Carolyne; Beatrice N; Irungu; Eyaseb, Fredrick L; Kamatenesi-Mugisha, Maud; Bernard T.; Kiremire; Jacob D; Johnson; Waters, Norman C.The acetone extract of the root bark of Erythrina burttii showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 0.97±0.2 and 1.73±0.5 _g/ml respectively. The extract also had radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical with an EC50 value of 12.0 _g/ml. The isoflav-3-enes burttinol-A and burttinol-C, and the 2 arylbenzofuran derivative burttinol-D were identified as the most active antiplasmodial (IC50 < 10 _M) and free radical scavenging (EC50 ca. 10 _M) principles. The acetone extract of E. burttii at 800 mg/kg/day, in a 4-day Plasmodium berghei ANKA suppressive test, showed in vivo antimalarial activity with 52% chemosuppression. In the same in vivo test, marginal activities were also observed for the extracts of the root and stem bark of Erythrina abyssinica and the root bark of Erythrina sacleuxii.Item APPRAISAL PRACTICES AND TEACHING METHODS IN ISINGIRO NORTH CONSTITUENCY PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF ISINGIRO DISTRICT(Bishop Stuart University, 2022-05) PRUDENCE, KYASIMIREThe study was about appraisal practices and teaching methods in Isingiro North Constituency Primary Schools. It was guided by the following objectives; to examine indicators of appraisal practices, to assess the level of teaching methods and to establish the relationship between appraisal practices and teaching methods. A descriptive survey design was adopted for this study. The target population of this study comprised of head teachers, teachers in the Primary schools and inspector of schools in Isingiro north constituency. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data from respondents. Data on objectives one and two was analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Data for objective three was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient generated by statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) version 20.0. Results indicated that different appraisal practices used in Isingiro North Constituency Primary Schools of Isingiro District. The results also indicated that the levels of teaching methods in Isingiro North Constituency Primary Schools of Isingiro District as moderate (mean score=3.44). The results further indicated that there was a positive statistically significant relationship between appraisal practices and teaching methods method (The p =0.000<0.01). It was concluded that there are different appraisal practices used in Isingiro North Constituency Primary Schools of Isingiro District. It was also concluded that the levels of teaching methods in Isingiro North Constituency Primary Schools of Isingiro District were moderate. It was further concluded that there was a positive significant relationship between appraisal practices and teaching methods. It was recommended that the Ministry of Education should enhance goal setting practices and link attainment of goals with rewards to continue improving the teaching methods in primary schoolsItem Assessing the Impact of NAADS Programme on Agricultural Economic Performance in Mbarara District - Uganda(Department of Economics and Management, Bishop Stuart University, 2019-04-30) NAADS Programme; Agricultural Economic Performance.This study was conducted on assessing the impact of NAADS programme on agricultural economic performance in Mbarara district. Agricultural Economic performance was assessed in terms of household income and commercialization. The study was done in two Sub-Counties i.e. Nyamitanga and Mwiizi S/County to represent Mbarara district. A sample of 132respondents was used of both NAADS and Non-NAADS farmers in both Goat rearing and Piggery and NAADS Coordinators who were involved in the programme from the district to Parish level in Mbarara district. Both stratified and purposive sampling were used to select the sample in both Mwiizi sub –county and Nyamitanga division as, 63 NAADS farmers of both enterprises (goat and pig rearing) and 6 NAADS Coordinators from two S/Counties as well as 63 NonNAADS farmers from the same enterprises in both subcounties. The study used both questionnaire survey and interview methods in collecting data from the field.The study adopted a Quasi- experimental research design where difference in difference model was used. The Difference between means was used to determine if there is a significant difference between NAADS and NonNAADS on economic outcomes of commercialization and household income in Mbarara district. The primary data was collected using questionnaire survey and interview methods and analyzed using SPSS. The findings show that there was no significant difference on level of commercialization in terms of technology adoption; household income in both NAADS and NonNAADS farmers involved in goat rearing and piggery in Mbarara district. Basing on the findings, the level of monitoring and supervision, distribution of farm inputs and service delivery, fund flows to facilitate the coordinators and service providers, and purchase inputs, farm inputs to distribute to farmers, attitude of farmers towards government programmes and corruption and embezzlement of funds were the most important factors that greatly affected the economic performance of NAADS programme in Mbarara district. In recommendation, the government should increase the level of monitoring and supervision at different levels, increasing in the accessibility of inputs and service delivery, anti-corruption and embezzlement laws, allocation of enough funds, empowerment of the institutions like the local government, farmer groups and other civil society organisations (CSOs), increase on the level of accessibility through fair distribution of farm inputs and encourage pilot studies in area where the programme is to be implemented.Item Assessing the Smallholder Farmers’ Coping Strategies to the Effects of Climate Change(International Journal of Agriculture and Animal Production, 2023) Baranabas, Opiyo; David, Osiru; Edward, Ssemakula; Kalibwani, Rabecca; Malinga M., GeoffreyBackground: The effects of climate change such as droughts, floods and land degradations normally result into crop failures among smallholder farmers. The effect is more adverse on smallholder farmers of Sub Sharan region owing to its low coping strategies and poverty prevalence. Assessing the smallholder farmers coping strategies to the effects of climate is an evitable thought if we want to develop sustainable coping options and policies to climate change. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of climate change, and assess on how the smallholder farmers coped up with them. A cross-sectional survey research design was employed to generate data from the 360 randomly selected household heads across the nine parishes in the Sub County via a semi- structured questionnaire, interviews schedules to key informants and focus group discussion to smallholder farmer groups. The SPSS tool was used to analyze the effects of climate change and their coping strategies and presented in frequency distribution tables and correlation matrices. Results: The two most widely practiced coping strategies were sales of productive assets and reduction in food consumptions rates among the smallholder farmers. The results from the correlation analysis revealed that there were significant positive correlations between floods, droughts, famines, and sales of productive assets and reduction in consumption rates of food. Conclusion: The findings from the study note that there are several factors that work in synergy to influence the specific coping strategies by smallholder farmers to climate change. This therefore calls for more efforts from government and development partners to strengthen the agricultural extension services by customizing climate information delivery system, allocating more fundings to researchers to engineer climate-tolerant crop and animal resources, investing on water for production projects, renting out idle pieces land to investors by smallholder farmers in order to provide the additional source of earningsItem ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF FARMYARD MANURE AND NPK FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON BANANA YIELDS IN SHUUKU TOWN COUNCIL, SHEEMA DISTRICT, WESTERN UGANDA(Bishop Stuart University, 2023) Kanyesigye, J.; Ssemakula, E.The Experiment was on the effect of Farmyard Manure and NPK Fertilizer on banana yields in Shuuku Town council, Sheema district. It was guided by three objectives which were, determining the effect of Farmyard Manure and NPK Fertilizer on plant girth, plant height, establishing the effect on leaf and sucker development and also determining hands formation on banana bunches in the 3 selected Sites. The experiment was set using an incomplete randomized block design to evaluate the effects of Farmyard Manure and NPK fertilizer on banana yields, with an aim of determining the effect of Farmyard manure and NPK fertilizer on plant girth, plant height, establishing the effect on leaf and sucker development and also determining Hands formation on banana bunches in the 3 selected farms. Each block consisted of 30 banana stools, each farm with 4 blocks, one block cattle manure, another for NPK fertilizer, another one for a combination of both and the last one as a control in a randomized form. Data was collected from at least 15 banana stools from each block. Data was used to give conclusions to the experiment objectives. Data was coded, edited and analyzed using SPSS to give meaning. After data processing, it was presented in tables. The researcher recommended the combined application of cattle manure and NPK fertilizers in banana production since they provide different nutrients to the soil hence ensuring increased yields. The researcher recommended utilization of cattle manure for the average Farmers. For the farmers involved in production of the banana crop, the researcher recommended cattle manure to enhance plant heights for both the maiden plants and suckers.Item Bee Keeping and Coffee Production as Potential Alternative Livelihoods for Coffee Farmers in Sheema District(International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 2023-02) Bamuhangaine, Nicodemus; Ssemakula, Edward; Bahame, Davidlivingstone B; Aine, FerdinandTo ensure sustainable living standards for coffee farmers, integrating coffee plantations with bee keeping would be a potential alternative livelihood option since beekeeping contributes additional incomes from the sale of honey and other bee products without compromising coffee production. Therefore, the study aimed at assessing the contribution of integrating coffee and bee keeping to coffee farmers’ incomes, attitude and perception of farmers on integrating coffee with bee keeping, technologies coffee farmers use while integrating coffee with bee keeping and the challenges farmers face while integrating bee keeping. The study utilized a cross section research design and a sample of 210 respondents was chosen using simple random sampling and questionnaire, interviews and observation were used to collect primary data from the respondents. It was established that adoption of bee keeping integration resulted in an improvement in income from 6.7% in 2020 to 7.1% in 2021 and this was statistically significant (P<0.05). Farmers had a positive perception of integrating bee keeping with coffee and majority perceived it as source of additional income, require few resources to commence, the necessary skills can be quickly transferred, hives are made from local resources and not labour intensive 210 (100%). The study findings also established that most farmers were not using innovative technologies and the major technologies farmers were using included; possession of top bar or Langstroth p=0.022, provision of supplemental feeds p=0.04 and engaging in bee pollination services and pollen collection p=0.046 as compared with the time spent while integrating bee keeping in coffee plantations.The study further established the challenges farmers face while integrating coffee with bee keeping as; poor management skills, shortage of honey forage, diseases pests and predators, lack of awareness about valuable contribution of bees, lack of trainers and training opportunities, lack of new research information, inadequate bee keeping equipment, price fluctuations and lack of grading system, bee hive theft, weak producer organizations and lack of clear policies to protect the producers from pesticide poisoning. The study recommended provision of constant trainings, formulation of participatory policy that would encourage conservation of pollinators and farmers to be equipped with knowledge and tools to enable them to make informed decisions.Item Can Governance in Revenue Sharing Be a Pathway for a Win-win Situation between People’s Livelihood Improvement and Conservation?(Peer Review Research Publishing System, 2015-05) Medard, Twinamatsiko; Grace, Kagoro Rugunda,; Benon, Basheka; Tom, De HerdtThis paper establishes the importance of good governance in improving local livelihoods and support for conservation. The study uses empirical realities from Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, an afromontane Gorilla sanctuary that was recognized by UNESCO in 2005 as a world heritage due to its rich biodiversity. Governance is an important procedural dimension of equity that entails decision making processes and how local people are involved in matters that most affect them. The paper uses a Policy Arrangements Approach to illustrate the procedural dimension of the Justice and Equity Framework. A mixed method approach was used to generate results in this paper. Household surveys, key informant interviews and Focus Group Discussions were employed for data collection. Linear and Multinomial Logistic Regressions were used to determine the level of significance and relationships that exist between governance, people’s livelihoods and conservation support. Polychoric Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to generate indices of livelihood improvement and conservation support. Results revealed that meaningful involvement, leadership composition on committees, local capacity, information flow and awareness and accountability significantly influence people’s livelihoods and conservation of Bwindi. Local people are not only concerned about distributive equity in benefit sharing but also the procedural dimension. This entails being part of revenue sharing projects from the design phase to the evaluation phase. The study recommends the use of equity framework in revenue sharing in order to increase greater involvement of local people in decision making processes.